which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
A patient has social anxiety disorder. 19. b. overgeneralization. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 39. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Think of it as an If-Then statement. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. 2.3.2.1. b. the pleasure principle. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? c. repression. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. b. negative transference. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. a. Perls. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. a. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. b. self-actualization. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. List and describe the models of abnormality. b. cultural. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). Electroconvulsive therapy. Postconditioning. d. catharsis. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Observational learning. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. b. secondary prevention. Figure 2.8. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. 69. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. d. classical conditioning. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: 112. d. quaternary prevention. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. d. latency stage. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. 138. b. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. Operant conditioning. c. ineffective treatment options. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. a. modeling. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. 49. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. 50. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. d. hormone therapy. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 42. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). b. self theory. 121. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. d. fear. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? b. ego. d. sociocultural. c. humanistic-existential This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. b. Rogers. a. Module Overview. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. I know my grandmother used to. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. What if? c. the conscious mind. b. develop depression even when not under stress. 2.2.2.1. Figure 2.2. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. c. operant conditioning. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . How so? b. axons. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. c. Beck. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. a. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. 2.2.1.2. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. 2.2.3.2. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. These medications fall under five major categories. 89. d. existential, 125. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. b. good long-term prognoses. a. behavior-focused b. accepting problematic thoughts. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. c. unconditional positive regard. b. sociocultural Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. b. hypotheses. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. d. unconscious feelings of loss. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? b. ego. The humanistic perspective. c. superego. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. That is the idea, at least. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. 83. b. humanistic-existential. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). 2.3.3.6. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. 66. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. 2.2.1.3. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. 110. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. What about other students in the class that you know? d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. d. object relations theory. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually.
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