why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558
Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. LS23 6AD Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/C - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: British depth study 1HI0 B1-B4 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: Period study 1HIA P1-P5 - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level History Paper 1 (options A to L) 7042/1C - 26 May 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level History Non-British period study: All Exams - 22 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1: Thematic study 1HI0 10-13 - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section B 8145/2B/C - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/A - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/C - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 3: 9HI0 30-39 - 22 June 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/B - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 3: Modern depth study 1HI0 30-33 - 9 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 2: Depth Study 9HI0 2A-2H - 10 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. - Leith blockade. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. . A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Company Reg no: 04489574. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. . Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. West Yorkshire, Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Manage Settings This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. 14-16 / Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . - navy to firth of Forth. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. VAT reg no 816865400. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Boston House, - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Student / He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. LS23 6AD English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Boston Spa, In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. VAT reg no 816865400. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. First English colony in Virginia established. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Boston Spa, The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . They began to revolt against the Spanish. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. She was a Protestant. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. - rebelling of scottish lords. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of This increased tension between England and Spain. 2. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria.
Underground Military Bases Map,
1988 High School Football Rankings,
Articles W