ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020
In comparison to all other ethnic groups, higher proportions of White prisoners reported more positive experiences, including feeling respected by staff, feeling safe from COVID and having enough cleaning facilities. , A long criminal history is defined as 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. Concordance rates for all PSR figures can be found in the defendants tables (5.14b)[footnote 41]. For the majority of the report, no controls have been applied for other characteristics of ethnic groups (such as average income, geography, offence mix or offender history), so it is not possible to determine what proportion of differences identified in this report are directly attributable to ethnicity. Of all offenders sentenced in 2020, the most common outcome was a fine, at 38%. It investigates the differences between ethnic groups[footnote 81] for these offences, and whether this picture has changed over time. When controlling for offence mix across ethnic groups, a decrease in ACSL was observed across all ethnic groups. Within the Ministry of Justices statistical publications there can be three main reasons for statistics to be revised: Changes in how either source administrative systems collect information or a change in statistical methodology to improve accuracy and measurement. , The HMI Prisons section refers to race rather than ethnicity as this was the term used in the survey. A higher proportion of Mixed ethnicity offenders received a release result (61%), in contrast with a lower proportion of Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders (47%)[footnote 56]. , Personal crime includes violence, robbery, theft from the person and other theft of personal property excluding fraud and computer misuse. In the 2011 Census the proportion in each ethnic group was as follows: 87% White, 3% Black, 6% Asian, 2% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. The proportion of offender reoffending by age was highest for those aged 18 to 20 for Black, Asian and Other offenders. For example, in 2020, 40% of all convictions of Black individuals were for drug offences. Figure 8.01: Comparison of ACSL before and after controlling for offence mix, all indictable offences, 2020, England and Wales. , The Police National Computer has a 6+1 ethnicity classification. In the year ending March 2022, approximately 548,000 males, and 96,000 females were arrested for offences in England and Wales, which was more than in the previous year for both males and. Latest crime statistics from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and police recorded crime. In previous years homicide data has been presented in relation to population data, by giving the number of deaths per million of the population of each ethnic group. , See Appendix I for further details of how detailed ethnicity categorisations are aggregated. The custody rate for White children was consistently lower than for Black children (by 3 to 5 percentage points, pp) between 2016 and 2020. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Population estimates for 2016 as provided in data accompanying the Research report on population estimates by ethnic group and religion. The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. This chapter explores the nature, extent and risks of victims, in relation to ethnicity, from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) year ending March 2020 and the Home Office Homicide Index[footnote 8]. A higher proportion of White offenders had a long history of offending, 35% of White offenders had 15 or more previous convictions or cautions, compared to Black offenders at 26%, Asian offenders at 16% and Chinese or Other at 9%, for adults [footnote 67]. , Includes City of London and Metropolitan Police forces. All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Statistics. Over the last 5 years, the rates of arrests following stop and searches for all ethnic groups continued to converge. The ACSL for possession of weapon offences fell between 2016 and 2020 across all ethnic groups, except for the Mixed ethnic group . Drug offences accounted for 40% of convictions for Black offenders, 39% for Asian offenders, 32% for Mixed ethnicity offenders, 31% for Chinese or Other ethnic groups, and 19% for White offenders. ACSL was consistently lower for White defendants from 2016 to 2020, at 19.6 months in 2020, compared to 28.6 for Asian defendants (46% longer), 26.8 for Black defendants (37% longer), and 24.4 for both defendants of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnicity groups (25% longer). A proven reoffence is defined as any offence committed in a one-year follow-up period that resulted in a court conviction, caution, reprimand or warning in this timeframe, or a further six-month waiting period to allow the offence to be proven in court[footnote 68]. Data are available for the year ending March 2019, year ending March 2018 and the year ending . , A SEN statement is a document which sets out a childs SEN and any additional help that the child should receive. Increases in custody rates in 2020 may be due to court prioritisation during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic, and it is difficult to know how this may have affected different ethnic groups. See figure 5.04 for all sentencing outcomes. Where ethnicity is known[footnote 23], the total number of stop and searches increased between 2017/18 (266,000) and 2020/21 (557,000). Large figures are generally presented rounded to the nearest thousand, and percentages to the nearest percentage point in the text. Crime lower work tends to be relatively high volume, lower cost units of criminal legal aid work. The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. Other young offenders had the lowest proportion recorded as persistently absent at 66%. These data are based on the ONS headcount specification and may differ from other published figures due to differing specifications. While Home Office police recorded crime data are not available broken down by ethnicity of the victims, data from the CSEW are. Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 percentage points across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. In 2020, 70% of the legally aided prison law workload related to White defendants, 11% to Black, 8% to Other, 6% to Mixed and 5% to Asian. , See technical guide for information relating to parole board. , Caution must be taken with interpreting data from the Chinese or Other group as the population size is very small. Findings from a data sharing exercise between the MoJ and the Department for Education (DfE) are presented here, with analysis on a matched cohort of those who were in year 6 in either 2008/09 or 2009/10 and who were aged ten at the start of those academic years[footnote 70]. , As a survey that asks people whether they have experience as a victim of crime, the CSEW does not cover homicides or crimes where there is no direct victim, such as possession of drugs or motoring offenses. Include a detailed revisions policy within every release. However, these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems and surveys generated by the courts, police forces and other agencies, so some care should be taken, in particular when considering small differences and or sample sizes. Almost three quarters (1,405 or 72%) of all homicide victims (where ethnicity was known) over the three-year period were from the White ethnic group. In contrast, fewer Black (15%), Mixed (18%) and Asian (20%) prisoners reported bullying/victimisation from other prisoners, compared to prisoners from White (23%) and Other ethnic groups (24%). The number of prosecutions for drug offences has decreased by 15% in the past 5 years. Figure 5.04: RRI of remands in custody at Crown Court, 2016-2020, England and Wales. Insight Published Friday, 02 October, 2020 Insight Criminal law Justice Baber Yasin Georgina Sturge This Insight looks at how different ethnic groups compared statistically in areas such as convictions, sentencing lengths, types of offence, pleas and at the bench in 2019 across England and Wales. Where ethnicity was known, first time offenders[footnote 64] accounted for 16% of all adult offenders cautioned or convicted for an indicatable offence in 2020. Simon Hallsworth and Tara Young (2008) were sceptical, dismissing . Similar proportions were seen across ethnic groups, ranging from 72% for Black defendants to 78% for White defendants. Navigate toBy ethnicity of defendant over timesection 4. In 2020, White offenders had an ACSL of 19.6 months in comparison with 26.8 for Black offenders, 28.6 for Asian offenders, and 24.4 for offenders of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Figure 7.06: Adult reoffending rate by age group and ethnicity, April 2018 to March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales. The Ministry of Justice would welcome any feedback on the content, presentation or on any other aspect of this bulletin we can be contacted through: This has remained relatively stable across the past 5 years and across ethnic groups. Where differences are not referred to as being statistically significant these are either not statistically significantly different, or differences have not been tested. The ethnicity classification used in each section is referenced throughout. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 pp across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. A 21% decrease was seen in requirements started under suspended sentence orders. Those where ethnicity is not known are not included in this commentary. Asian and Chinese or Other[footnote 65] offenders had a higher proportion of first-time offenders at 23% and 35% respectively, compared to White and Black offenders at 16% and 14% respectively[footnote 66]. Main facts and figures in the year ending March 2020, 13% of people aged 16 and over said they had been the victim of a crime at least once in the last year this was down from 17% in the. Figure 6.05: Requirements commenced under community orders and suspended sentence orders by ethnicity and requirement, England and Wales, 2020. . For more information on stop and search legislation, please see the accompanying guidance document. Where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant this will be stated. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded from school, or have received a suspension, at any point during KS4. Children from minority ethnic groups accounted for two thirds (66%) of arrests of children made in London in in 2020/21. , There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. Educational attainment of all young offenders was lowest for the White ethnic group and highest for the Other ethnic group. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the CJS by ethnicity [footnote 90]. Due to the small population of children sentenced to immediate custody from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups trends should be viewed with caution. In 2020, 1% of children had long criminal histories, this was similar across all ethnic groups. 10 December 2021 FOI Ref: FOI/2021/3214 You asked Please supply a breakdown of how many murders, muggings, robberies and knife crimes are perpetrated specifically by the black community every year. The statistics reported in this bulletin are primarily National Statistics[footnote 7], as drawn from either other published National Statistics bulletins or the data underpinning them. The total number of all arrests (where ethnicity is known) decreased by 21% between 2016/17 and 2020/21; this decrease was relatively consistent across most ethnic groups. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of children arrested in London from White ethnic groups has decreased from 38% to 34%, with corresponding marginal increases in arrests of children from across minority ethnic groups. , New methodology introduced in the 2015/16 cohort, used to measure proven reoffending, reduced twelve-monthly cohort to a three-monthly cohort and changed data source following probation services reforms. A higher proportion of Mixed suspects received the principal outcome of arrest at 14%, compared to 13% of Black suspects, 12% of White suspects, 11% of Other ethnicity suspects and 10% of Asian suspects. , The Homicide in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) publication utilises 2016 population estimates to derive homicide rates relative to the population. It is not possible to make any causal links between ethnicity and CJS outcomes. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical reports. , Offence groups from this chapter are not directly comparable to offence groups from the MoJ Court Proceedings database see technical guide for further details, Ethnicity coverage is more complete for triable either way and indictable only offences. The largest proportion of crime higher workload is for offences which can be tried either before the magistrates court or the Crown Court, at 50% overall where ethnicity is known in 2020 and ranged between 46% and 52% when broken down by ethnic group. The greatest difference was observed in the Asian ethnic group, where controlling for offence mix resulted in a 19% decrease in ACSL, from 28.6 to 23.1 months. Where young offenders received a custodial sentence, the proportion of White offenders persistently absent was significantly higher than the proportion of Black offenders, both for custody for 12 months or less (by 7pp) and for more than 12 months (by 11pp). Data sources to which this applies include Crime Survey for England and Wales. Principal suspects in homicides with all other ethnicities were most likely to be a stranger (Black 43%, Asian 28%, Other 65%). The proportion of White victims decreased by 7 percentage points (pp) since the previous three-year period (2014/15 to 2016/17), with corresponding increases in the proportions of victims from Black (up 3pp), Asian (up 2pp), and Other (up 2pp) ethnic groups. London showed a markedly different pattern than the rest of England and Wales. For indictable offences, ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of male prosecutions and convictions compared to females. We have crudely attempted to control for different offence mixes across ethnic groups by applying a similar pattern of offences being sentenced across all ethnic groups, fixing this to the White group. Where a source is not National Statistics, users should consider this when making judgements about the weight that can be put on related findings. This is an increase of 5 pp since 2019; a difference likely due to the prioritisation of non-jury trials as a result of COVID-19 restrictions . The location in which a homicide was committed showed marked differences between ethnic groups. As this data is now several years old it may not accurately represent the distribution of ethnic groups in the population, particularly for children when comparing to 2018 CJS figures. Almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15-17 and 37% of those aged 18-20 were from the Black ethnic group. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. Despite the large decrease in both prosecutions and convictions over the past 5 years, proportions across ethnic groups have remained stable. It covers statistics on stop and searches and arrests, which are published by the Home Office in the Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021[footnote 20]. Outcomes for minority ethnic children are often more pronounced than White children at various points of the CJS. When defendants appear in court, they have the right to either speak for themselves, or to be represented and to have someone with legal expertise speak on their behalf. This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. Executive Summary This publication compiles statistics. This goes against the trend from 2016 where the numbers of prosecutions had been rising each year for all ethnic groups except Black. Police officers have the power to stop and search individuals under different pieces of legislation. The greatest increase in custody rate was seen in the White ethnic group, increasing from 29% to 35%, and Mixed ethnic groups (28% to 35%)[footnote 43]. Between 2016 and 2020, the proportion of defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court has increased for all ethnic groups and the proportion remanded has remained highest for Chinese or Other, Black and Mixed defendants. These proportions have remained broadly consistent across the last 5 years. Magistrates: Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of practitioners from minority ethnic groups has increased, leading to a decrease in the proportion of White practitioners, by 2.4 pp mainly driven by an increase in the proportion of practitioners from Asian (1.3 pp) and Black (0.8) ethnic groups[footnote 98]. This was followed by defendants from the Chinese or Other ethnic groups (16%), Asian defendants (14%), Mixed defendants (12%) and White defendants (12%). This section focusses on disaggregating the outcomes that are a result of a professional judgement (i.e. The identification of differences should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. Figure 8.02: Comparison of custody rates before and after controlling for offence mix, all indictable offences, 2020, England and Wales. Of these, 79% were White, 12% Black, 4% Asian, 4% Mixed ethnicity, and 1% Chinese or Other ethnicities. Across the past 5 years, White defendants consistently had the highest guilty plea rate, at 79% in 2020, followed by defendants of the Mixed ethnic group at 73%, Chinese or Other ethnic groups at 72%, Asian at 68% and Black defendants at 66%. Crime lower work is carried out by legal aid providers at police stations, in magistrates courts and prison. Due to the small population of children from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups they are subject to greater variance across the years and have therefore been omitted from this comparison. White victims accounted for over three quarters (77%) of homicide victims in both the 0-14 and 21+ age groups. Having a SEN statement may indicate a higher level of need. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased between 2016 and 2020 for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-2020/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2020. In 2020/21, 77% of stop and searches conducted on individuals from the Asian ethnic group were for drugs, compared to 67 to 68% of all other ethnic groups. Figure 7.04: Average custodial sentence length (ACSL) for indictable offences, by age and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2016/20. No causative links can be drawn from these summary statistics. In 2020, 32% of children in prison were Black despite Black prisoners accounting for only 13% of the entire prison population. Those where ethnicity was not known/recorded are not included in this commentary. This section focuses on the following high-volume indictable drug offences: All estimates from the CSEW are for the year ending March 2020 and were therefore minimally affected by lockdown restrictions[footnote 10]. In certain instances, data has been used for years that are not impacted by restrictions but in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ACSL has been consistently lower for White male offenders than all ethnic minority groups, a disparity that has increased over the last 5 years for male offenders. Navigate toBy ethnicity and sex of defendantsection 5.. The proportion of police officers from minority ethnic groups has increased from 6.3% to 7.6% between 2017 and 2021[footnote 95]. Across the past 5 years, possession of a Class B drug (cannabis) was consistently the most common drug offence for all ethnic groups, accounting for 31% of all drug offences in 2020. This was the only region in which homicide victims were more likely to be from the Black ethnic group (42%), followed by White ethnic group (40%). Across all ethnic groups, the majority of defendants dealt with at Crown Court are represented at their first hearing, ranging from 91% to 94% across ethnic groups in 2020. , Arrests analysis excludes Lancashire as they could not supply complete data for 2017/18. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of suspects who were stopped and searched remained relatively stable across most ethnic groups, with a slight decrease in those from the Black ethnic group (21% to 17%). Violence against the person offences have accounted for the largest proportion of total arrests (where ethnicity is known) since 2017/18, at 42% in 2020/21. Black and Other ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches where nothing was found (both 76%), followed by Asian suspects (74%). Individuals from the Black ethnic group also had the lowest proportion of suspended sentences, at 14% in 2020. * Possession (Class B, excluding cannabis) Figure 6.03: Average proportion of determinate sentence served in custody, by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2016 to 2020. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. Across all minority ethnic groups, the most common reason for arrest was violence against the person, followed by drug offences. The Gangs Debate. Figure 6.01: Number and proportion of prisoners in England and Wales, 2016 to 2020, by ethnicity, Figure 6.02: Proportion of prisoners by ethnicity and age group, England and Wales, 30th June, 2020. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk. 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